This is complicated -- and it is connected to what I replied to
@Kieran above. Yes, in day to day language theory is used exactly as you wrote - roughly speaking, it is used as synonym to "hypothesis".
But here we are a bit more restricted, we are talking science, and "theory" has a different meaning. For example, we talk a lot about "Relativity Theory", right? Well, it is a "proven" thing, as you said. Same goes, actually, for Newtonian mechanics (Newton's three laws of motion). It is "proven", but it is a theory (Newtonian mechanics theory) as well.
Where is the catch? Hard sciences usually define pretty well the scope were theories apply. So,
within this scope, it is "proven". Newtonian mechanics describes pretty well a falling stone -- because it is "proven" in this scope. It does not describe that well a falling "stone" made of a few molecules -- even if it is on vacuum, etc and etc. So, scope and context matters to identify the facts.
And, still, this is not the fun part yet. Even within the scope, you describe reality using the terminology of a given theory -- the "glasses" with which you look at reality, to borrow a term from Darwin, who understood it perfectly quite a while ago. So the whole process is subtle in the end.
But we -- obviously -- are still able to to a lot of objective stuff with it. We do not look for context when we turn on the lights. We go to the switch knowing that it will work, and it does. One giant problem with the giant frauds known as post-modern thinkers is that they are always claiming that ultimately this objectivity does not exist. There are no "facts" for them -- which is what infuriates you, and me.
"Theory", in the sense I am using above, is all about a dictionary between a given method to describe reality, and empirical facts. With this you can make predictions. The point I was making is that the same theory can have different interpretations. That is, you can talk a lot of different stuff about this dictionary.
Back to the context of that TED talk: the "theory" itself behind that vast scope she was talking about is not clear. There are disputing theories, the very distinction between a model (something which is built
within a theory, like for example when we model a physical body by a dimensionless material point in Newtonian physics) and theory is not clear in sub-atomic physics. So neither, and obviously, are interpretations. In other words, people are making leap after leap after leap -- and not even good ones, IMO. Analogies are too easy too make. The crazy thing is that people take them for facts.