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Kieran, another factor is that there was a big talent gap between Sampras (b. 1971) and Federer (b. 1981).
Let's take a look at all players with 5+ major titles--including Pro, Amateur, and Open Era Slams--going back to William Renshaw, who could be considered the first all-time great player. Here they are listed by year of birth, with the year of their first Slam and their age at the time in parentheses.
1861: William Renshaw (1881, 20)
1861: Richard Sears (1881, 19)
1872: William Larned (1901, 28)
1872: Reggie Doherty (1897, 24)
1875: Laurence Doherty (1902, 26)
1883: Tony Wilding (1906, 22)
1893: Bill Tilden (1920, 27)
1901: Henri Cochet (1926, 25)
1904: Rene Lacoste (1925, 20)
1908: Jack Crawford (1931, 22)
1909: Fred Perry (1933, 24)
1910: Hans Nusslein (1933, 23)
1911: Ellsworth Vines (1931, 19)
1915: Don Budge (1937, 22)
1918: Bobby Riggs (1939, 21)
1921: Jack Kramer (1946, 25)
1927: Frank Sedgman (1949, 21)
1928: Pancho Gonzales (1948, 20)
1930: Tony Trabert (1953, 22)
1934: Ken Rosewall (1953, 18)
1934: Lew Hoad (1956, 21)
1936: Roy Emerson (1961, 24)
1938: Rod Laver (1961, 22)
1944: John Newcombe (1967, 23)
1952: Jimmy Connors (1974, 21)
1956: Bjorn Borg (1974, 18)
1959: John McEnroe (1979, 20)
1960: Ivan Lendl (1984, 24)
1964: Mats Wilander (1982, 17)
1966: Stefan Edberg (1985, 19)
1967: Boris Becker (1985, 17)
1970: Andre Agassi (1992, 22)
1971: Pete Sampras (1990, 19)
1981: Roger Federer (2003, 21)
1986: Rafael Nadal (2005, 19)
1987: Novak Djokovic (2008, 20)
I think that list shows us two things: One, teenage Slam winners are not totally unheard of but very rare in tennis history. I don't know about players with less than 5 Slams, but the only two 5+ Slam winners who won their first as teenagers before Borg were Rosewall and Vines. Two, as we know there was a cluster of them in the 80s-90s, unlike any we have seen in tennis history.
But in the long view of tennis history, Rafa's Roland Garros title in 2005 doesn't look that out of place in terms of its rarity. What is out of place is that cluster of teenagers in the 80s-90s (and this list doesn't include Chang). It was "only" 15 years since the last teenage Slam title, whereas before Borg in 1974 you have to go back 21 years to Rosewall in 1953, and before that you have to go back 22 years to Vines in 1931. Richard Sears is the first teenage Slam winner that I could find, 50 years before Vines, but it is hard to compare those early years to now.
Maybe we've just returned to the historical norms, which are a teenage Slam winner about every couple decades.
Let's take a look at all players with 5+ major titles--including Pro, Amateur, and Open Era Slams--going back to William Renshaw, who could be considered the first all-time great player. Here they are listed by year of birth, with the year of their first Slam and their age at the time in parentheses.
1861: William Renshaw (1881, 20)
1861: Richard Sears (1881, 19)
1872: William Larned (1901, 28)
1872: Reggie Doherty (1897, 24)
1875: Laurence Doherty (1902, 26)
1883: Tony Wilding (1906, 22)
1893: Bill Tilden (1920, 27)
1901: Henri Cochet (1926, 25)
1904: Rene Lacoste (1925, 20)
1908: Jack Crawford (1931, 22)
1909: Fred Perry (1933, 24)
1910: Hans Nusslein (1933, 23)
1911: Ellsworth Vines (1931, 19)
1915: Don Budge (1937, 22)
1918: Bobby Riggs (1939, 21)
1921: Jack Kramer (1946, 25)
1927: Frank Sedgman (1949, 21)
1928: Pancho Gonzales (1948, 20)
1930: Tony Trabert (1953, 22)
1934: Ken Rosewall (1953, 18)
1934: Lew Hoad (1956, 21)
1936: Roy Emerson (1961, 24)
1938: Rod Laver (1961, 22)
1944: John Newcombe (1967, 23)
1952: Jimmy Connors (1974, 21)
1956: Bjorn Borg (1974, 18)
1959: John McEnroe (1979, 20)
1960: Ivan Lendl (1984, 24)
1964: Mats Wilander (1982, 17)
1966: Stefan Edberg (1985, 19)
1967: Boris Becker (1985, 17)
1970: Andre Agassi (1992, 22)
1971: Pete Sampras (1990, 19)
1981: Roger Federer (2003, 21)
1986: Rafael Nadal (2005, 19)
1987: Novak Djokovic (2008, 20)
I think that list shows us two things: One, teenage Slam winners are not totally unheard of but very rare in tennis history. I don't know about players with less than 5 Slams, but the only two 5+ Slam winners who won their first as teenagers before Borg were Rosewall and Vines. Two, as we know there was a cluster of them in the 80s-90s, unlike any we have seen in tennis history.
But in the long view of tennis history, Rafa's Roland Garros title in 2005 doesn't look that out of place in terms of its rarity. What is out of place is that cluster of teenagers in the 80s-90s (and this list doesn't include Chang). It was "only" 15 years since the last teenage Slam title, whereas before Borg in 1974 you have to go back 21 years to Rosewall in 1953, and before that you have to go back 22 years to Vines in 1931. Richard Sears is the first teenage Slam winner that I could find, 50 years before Vines, but it is hard to compare those early years to now.
Maybe we've just returned to the historical norms, which are a teenage Slam winner about every couple decades.